D was carried out to decide the crystal structure with the
D was carried out to decide the crystal structure with the obtained samples. The analyzer Rigaku Miniflex 600 (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) operating with Cu K radiation ( = 1.5418 was applied. The patterns were obtained over an angular range of 200 . The diffraction patterns were evaluated by the Rietveld Perospirone MedChemExpress methodMaterials 2021, 14,4 ofusing the Fullprof software program [21]. The crystallite size from the synthesized samples inside the vertical direction towards the corresponding lattice plane was determined working with Scherrer’s equation [22,23] using a continual equal to 0.891. The morphology from the obtained samples was determined utilizing MIRA3 scanning electron microscope (TESCAN, Brno, Czech Republic) and Hitachi HT7700 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) transmission electron microscope operating in higher contrast and high-resolution mode. The EDX ( through TEM analysis) and EDXRF analyses have been performed to establish the surface composition. The maps of titanium and zinc components of TiO2 -ZnO systems had been performed employing the Hitachi HT7700 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) operating inside the STEM mode with a technique towards the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The content of suitable oxides was determined making use of an Epsilon4 EDXRF spectrometer (PANalytical, Malvern, UK). The DRS analysis was carried out using a Thermo Scientific Evolution 220 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) spectrophotometer equipped with a PIN-757 integrating sphere. The bandgap energies with the obtained samples were calculated based on the Kubelka unk function: (1 – R )2 F ( R) = (1) 2R where R is reflectance, that is proportional to the absorption of radiation, by plotting: F ( R)0.five E0.5 ph (two)exactly where Eph implies the photon energy. Jupiter STA 449F3 apparatus (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) was applied to execute the thermogravimetric evaluation (TGA/DTG). The thermal stability tests had been carried out below flowing nitrogen (20 cm3 /min) at a heating price of 10 C/min over a temperature range of 25000 C, with an initial sample weight of about 10 mg. two.4. Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 -ZnO Systems The synthesized TiO2 -ZnO systems’ photo-oxidation activity was evaluated within the degradation process of a model organic impurity–4-chlorophenol. The study employed the UVLED light source, based on the LED strips with wavelength of 395 nm. A low-voltage LED strip–2835 SMD (ELED, Klucze, Poland), containing 60 LEDs/m, and creating power of 7.2 W/m, was utilized to construct the reactor. The 1.four m and two.8 m in the above-described LED strip have been used to receive rectors with a particular energy (ten and 20 W), respectively, which have been placed inside the pipe covered with aluminum tape to dissipate the generated heat much better. Lastly, the resulting method was connected for the ballast (Lena Lighting, Sroda Wielkopolska, Poland), and the obtained power was confirmed, which was in line together with the assumed value. The resulting LED photoreactor is shown in Figure 1. Initially, 100 cm3 of your 4-chlorophenol and one hundred mg with the photocatalyst have been introduced in to the reactor. The resulting suspension was homogenized working with a magnetic stirrer (IKA Werke GmbH, Staufen, Germany) in darkness (30 min) to establish adsorption/desorption equilibrium. Subsequent, the UV-LED lamp was switched on, and also the reaction mixture was irradiated. Each and every 20 min (up to 160 min, then we stopped the irradiation), 3 cm3 in the suspension was collected and filtered by means of a syringe filter (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany). The filtrate was analyzed u.
