Gical activity by applying various extraction technologies and analytical tools. This
Gical activity by applying different extraction technologies and analytical tools. This evaluation aims to describe different current studies on secondary metabolites that have been extracted, isolated, and identified in various Agave species. Additionally, it describes those research that have examined the bioactive properties of distinct molecules plus the biological activities of crude extracts with possible applications. 2. Extraction Methods Utilised to Recover Polyphenolic Compounds from Agave Agro-Waste A preceding critique by Almaraz et al. [24] described the phenolic compounds of agaves. This section updates the facts around the extraction and identification of diverse polyphenolic compounds as well as the variables that influence their extraction and occurrence in the Agave genus. Phenolic compounds are polar molecules that possess an aromatic benzene ring, substituted with 1 or a lot more hydroxyl (-OH) groups when flavonoids have additional than oneMolecules 2021, 26,three ofphenyl ring. Their structure includes a heterocyclic ring of benze–pyrane, which is hydroxylated in distinct patterns [25]. Both kinds of metabolites can be methylated, glycosylated, and acylated. These structural modifications have already been attributed to biochemical reactions with the vegetal metabolism and they impact the biological activity [26]. As a result of the higher polarity of Anisomycin Formula glycosylated polyphenols, aqueous mixtures with a polar organic solvent have been employed to maximize their recovery. Barriada-Bernal et al. [27] utilised two extraction stages with 60 and 30 (v/v) ethanol, respectively, on A. durangensis Gentry flowers, and have been in a position to determine by way of HPLC-UV-VIS, quercetin3-O-[rhamnosyl-(16)-galactoside], kaempferol-3-O-[rhamnosyl-(16)-glycoside], kaempferol-3,7-O-diglycoside, and quercetin-3-O-glycoside as the most abundant molecules. Similarly, Almaraz-Abarca et al. [28] employed 60 (v/v) methanol on A. victoriae-reginae, A. striata Zucc., along with a. lechuguilla Torr. leaves. They identified 25 glycosylated flavonoids and higher levels of 3-O-glycosides of kaempferol had been reported in these species. Apart from, the presence on the glycosides of isorhamnetin, quercetin, and herbacetin had been also reported. Perhexiline References Morreeuw, Escobedo-Fregoso, et al. [29] investigated the effect of binary aqueous mixtures solvents of A. lechuguilla Torr. leaves, and identified that an ethanol ater mixture of 70:30 (v/v) enhanced the recovered yields of cyanidin and delphinidin. Conversely, an aqueous methanol mixture 60:40 (v/v) resulted within a additional suitable extract for flavonoids due to its high polarity, and it obtained the highest yields of isorhamnetin and hesperidin. Later, Morreeuw, Castillo-Quiroz, et al. [30] confirmed with HPLC-MS/MS that the hydroalcoholic mixture 70:30 (v/v) of A. lechuguilla Torr. was plentiful in mono-, di- and triglycosylated derivatives of apigenin, isorhamnetin, quercetin, and anthocyanins. On top of that, it was observed that the presence of a lot more than one glycoside moiety was influenced by regional factors. As a result, these extracts that belonged to drought regions accumulated -di or -tri glycosylated flavonoids; these compounds can deliver far better tolerance to drought stress [30]. Other studies on other Agave species demonstrated that drought pressure induced a rise in these compounds as well as other secondary metabolites [31,32]. Mor -Vel quez et al. [33] investigated the use of accelerated solvent extraction as applied to young leaf spines of A. fourcroydes Lem. The extracts have been plentiful in proanthocy.
