Ls as evident from Annexin-V immunofluorescence staining studies. The potential of piperine to promote apoptosis is further supported by its ability to enhance caspase activation in both 10781694 androgen-dependent and androgen-independent Stance.Methods Study PopulationThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in the prostate order Hypericin cancer cells. An effective therapeutic agent should not only limit proliferation but should also be capable of activating programmed cell death in both AD and AI prostate cancer cells [24], [25]. Given the fact that piperine effectively inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and induced apoptosis, piperine may be a promising anti-prostate cancer agent that merits further investigation as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent. The caspases, implicated in apoptosis, in general are classified asFigure 6. Piperine treatment abrogates migration of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Boyden chamber assay shows that control LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells have a greater number of migrated cells while LNCaP and PC-3 samples treated with 60 mM and 75 mM piperine show fewer migrated cells in TranswellH chambers. Arrow indicates migrated cells. The inhibition of cell migration suggests that piperine may have anti-migratory properties in prostate cancer. Data shown here is representative of one of three similar results obtained. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065889.gprostate cancer cells. Immunoblot analysis of LNCaP (Figure 5A) cells treated with 60 mM of piperine showed reduction in the expression of NF-kB and STAT-3 (phosphorylated form of STAT3) transcription factors and downregulation of Androgen Receptor (AR) in these cells. Interestingly, lower concentration (25 mM) of piperine treatment also decreased the expression of phosphorylated STAT-3, NF-kB and PSA levels in LNCaP cells (Figure 5C). Our results also showed that DU-145 and PC-3 PCa (Figure 5B) cells treated with 160 mM and 75 mM of piperine dose respectively also resulted in the downregulation of NF-kB and phosphorylated STAT-3 expression levels, underscoring the anti-cancer effects of piperine in prostate cancer cells.Piperine treatment reduces cell migration in vitroPiperine treatment reduced the cell migration of LNCaP and PC-3 cells, suggesting that piperine has anti-migratory effects in prostate cancer (Figure 6).Piperine administration inhibits tumor growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts implanted in immunodeficient miceWe next sought to determine the antitumor effects of piperine in vivo using a xenograft model in nude mice. As evident from the results, treatment with piperine significantly reduced tumor growth in nude mice implanted with LNCaP cells by 72 [tumor volume (p,0.01) and tumor mass (p,0.01)] (Figure 7A 7B) and treatment of piperine also reduced the tumor growth in nude mice implanted with DU-145 cells by 41 [tumor volume (p,0.05)Anti Prostate Cancer Effects of PiperineFigure 7. Effects of piperine on the growth of LNCaP and DU-145 derived xenografts in nude mice. Piperine inhibits the growth of LNCaP and DU-145 derived tumor xenografts in nude mice model. Tumor volume (mm3) and weights (gms) of the piperine treated and control untreated nude mice were measured on the indicated days. Six independent tumors were collected from the piperine treated LNCaP, DU-145 and control nude mice respectively. Results (A ) showed that piperine injection significantly reduced the tumor volumes and tumor weight of both androgen dependent and androgen independent derived prostate cancer cells implanted in nude mice. *p.Ls as evident from Annexin-V immunofluorescence staining studies. The potential of piperine to promote apoptosis is further supported by its ability to enhance caspase activation in both 10781694 androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. An effective therapeutic agent should not only limit proliferation but should also be capable of activating programmed cell death in both AD and AI prostate cancer cells [24], [25]. Given the fact that piperine effectively inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and induced apoptosis, piperine may be a promising anti-prostate cancer agent that merits further investigation as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent. The caspases, implicated in apoptosis, in general are classified asFigure 6. Piperine treatment abrogates migration of prostate cancer cells in vitro. Boyden chamber assay shows that control LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells have a greater number of migrated cells while LNCaP and PC-3 samples treated with 60 mM and 75 mM piperine show fewer migrated cells in TranswellH chambers. Arrow indicates migrated cells. The inhibition of cell migration suggests that piperine may have anti-migratory properties in prostate cancer. Data shown here is representative of one of three similar results obtained. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065889.gprostate cancer cells. Immunoblot analysis of LNCaP (Figure 5A) cells treated with 60 mM of piperine showed reduction in the expression of NF-kB and STAT-3 (phosphorylated form of STAT3) transcription factors and downregulation of Androgen Receptor (AR) in these cells. Interestingly, lower concentration (25 mM) of piperine treatment also decreased the expression of phosphorylated STAT-3, NF-kB and PSA levels in LNCaP cells (Figure 5C). Our results also showed that DU-145 and PC-3 PCa (Figure 5B) cells treated with 160 mM and 75 mM of piperine dose respectively also resulted in the downregulation of NF-kB and phosphorylated STAT-3 expression levels, underscoring the anti-cancer effects of piperine in prostate cancer cells.Piperine treatment reduces cell migration in vitroPiperine treatment reduced the cell migration of LNCaP and PC-3 cells, suggesting that piperine has anti-migratory effects in prostate cancer (Figure 6).Piperine administration inhibits tumor growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts implanted in immunodeficient miceWe next sought to determine the antitumor effects of piperine in vivo using a xenograft model in nude mice. As evident from the results, treatment with piperine significantly reduced tumor growth in nude mice implanted with LNCaP cells by 72 [tumor volume (p,0.01) and tumor mass (p,0.01)] (Figure 7A 7B) and treatment of piperine also reduced the tumor growth in nude mice implanted with DU-145 cells by 41 [tumor volume (p,0.05)Anti Prostate Cancer Effects of PiperineFigure 7. Effects of piperine on the growth of LNCaP and DU-145 derived xenografts in nude mice. Piperine inhibits the growth of LNCaP and DU-145 derived tumor xenografts in nude mice model. Tumor volume (mm3) and weights (gms) of the piperine treated and control untreated nude mice were measured on the indicated days. Six independent tumors were collected from the piperine treated LNCaP, DU-145 and control nude mice respectively. Results (A ) showed that piperine injection significantly reduced the tumor volumes and tumor weight of both androgen dependent and androgen independent derived prostate cancer cells implanted in nude mice. *p.
