Uld create TNF-, IL-6, and IL-4 but not IFN- or IL-
Uld make TNF-, IL-6, and IL-4 but not IFN- or IL-12. Thus V2-matured DC and B cells have distinct cytokine profiles, with B cells lacking the TH 1-promoting cytokine bias seen for DC. HD2 manufacturer Analysis of the capacity of V2 T cell-matured B cells to stimulate alloreactive T cells indicated that they could induceFrontiers in Immunology | T Cell BiologyDecember 2014 | Volume five | Report 650 |Petrasca and DohertyV2 T cells induce DC and B cell differentiationFIGURE four | Continued B cells had been co-cultured with HMB-PP-expanded human V2 T cells inside the absence or presence of HMB-PP (denoted H). Immediately after 7 days the supernatants were harvested and analyzed for IgA, IgM, IgE, and total IgG levels by cytometric bead array and flow cytometry. Left panels show average mean ( EM) MFI of staining for (A) IgG (n = five), (B) IgA (n = 8), (C) IgM (n = 7), and (D) IgE (n = two). Appropriate panels show average ( EM) MFI intensities of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE of B cells just after co-culturing them with V2 T cells inside the presence of HMB-PP within the absence (handle) or presence of blocking mAbs specific for CD86, CD40L, TNF-, IFN- IFN-R, IL IL -4 -4R, or using the B cells separated from V2 T cells utilizing transwell inserts (n = three). p 0.05, p 0.01 using a paired t -test, in comparison with BC alone (left panels) or in comparison with B cell control (correct panels) except exactly where indicated by horizontal lines.FIGURE 4 | V2 T cells induce antibody production by B cells. (Continued)proliferation but not IFN-, IL-2, IL-4, or IL-10 production. These findings suggest that V2 T cells can drive the differentiation of DC into TH 1-promoting APC and B cells into APC that can stimulate diverse T cell responses. Quite a few studies have demonstrated a flexibility of DC maturation and their capability to differentiate into APC that selectively promote TH 1, TH two, or tolerogenic T cell responses (303). The aspects that determine the fate of DC differentiation contain the nature of antigen and the presence of TLR ligands and cytokines and it appears that V9V2 T cells contribute by driving TH 1promoting APC generation. Tolerogenic APC are characterized by the expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules within the absence of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and they are able to present antigen to T cells resulting within the induction of anergy or the expansion of regulatory T cells (303). Our information suggest that V2 T cell-matured B cells could function as tolerogenic APC, given that they show phenotypes of APC but they usually do not generate pro-inflammatory cytokines and they stimulate proliferation but not cytokine production by alloreactive T cells. In addition, the ability of V2-matured B cells to create the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 additional supports a tolerogenic phenotype and we speculate that the IL-4 may well function in advertising antibody responses. This is supported by the study by Caccamo (26), which showed that a subset of V2 T cells that produce IL-4 and IL-10 provide help to B cells for antibody production. B cells have previously been shown to present antigen, resulting in tolerogenic T cell responses (34, 35), but future work is expected to determine if the T cells stimulated by V2-matured B cells have tolerogenic or immunosuppressive activities. Because the mechanisms underlying DC and B cell activation by V2 T cells are poorly understood, we aimed to identify the molecules required to mediate these functional modifications. We found that whilst co-stimulatory molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines and physical BACE1 Compound contact with V.
