The normality of the measured parameters. All these applications require generic signature modeling. To the best of our knowledge, the number of works analyzing the lexical morphology of signatures is few. In this paper we develop a study of the most relevant features of the Western signature lexical morphology. The identified features were statistical modeled by counting the data in several public signature databases collected in several European countries to take into account different Western signing styles. As result, a unified framework is obtained for establishing the statistical normality of a signature’s lexical morphology. This framework characterizes how the signers design their signatures and is of interest to different disciplines and applications such as forensic, graphology, indexing, etc.Materials and methodThe set of the most relevant features that configure the lexical morphology in a signature has been analyzed from five different publicly available databases of Western signatures. These are described in the next section. The techniques we use for their statistical characterization is developed in the methodology section.Materials: Signature DatasetThe datasets contain collected signatures from different users. They comprise two kind of signature: genuine/original and forged journal.pone.0174109 signatures. Genuine means the signature drawn only by the owner. Forged refers to a signature faked or imitated from a knowledge of the genuine samples but it does not necessarily imply high forger skill. Depending the way the signature is collected, it is called dynamic or static. A dynamic signature is captured using input devices such as special tablets with specially designed pens or PDAs. The tablet gathers the signature position coordinates and the pressure values of the pen every T seconds, usually T = 0.01 sec, with a spatial resolution of, for example, 2540 dpi. Some features extracted from these signatures can be used for LDN193189 web expressing a person’s handwriting habit and individuality, such as pen pressure, velocity, acceleration and its direction, pen-lifts and the order of strokes. A static signature is normally drawn on paper using an inked pen and scanned after capture, often at a resolution of about 600 dpi. The ink deposition texture and the trajectory are classic features which can be extracted from the samples. In order to address different Western CEP-37440 site styles, we have used five public databases as follows. ?The GPDS960GRAYsignature database consists of 881 users with 24 genuine signatures acquired in a single session and 30 forged signatures. In total, the database provides 881 ?24 = 21144 and 881 ?30 = 26430 genuine and forgeries signatures respectively, all scanned at 600 dpi [33]. This Spanish dataset is one of the largest off-line signature databases presented in the literature.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123254 April 10,4 /Modeling the Lexical Morphology of Western Handwritten Signatures?The jir.2010.0097 MCYT On-line and Off-line Signature database is composed of 330 users, with 25 genuine signatures acquired in two sessions and 25 forgeries. It therefore comprises 330 ?25 = 8250 genuine signatures and 330 ?25 = 8250 forgeries. The static version of MCYT gathers 75 users with the same number of repetitions for genuine and forgeries as the on-line version. This means 75 ?25 = 1875 genuine signatures (acquired in two sessions) and 75 ?25 = 1875 forged representations, all scanned at 600 dpi. Note that the captured users in the off-line versi.The normality of the measured parameters. All these applications require generic signature modeling. To the best of our knowledge, the number of works analyzing the lexical morphology of signatures is few. In this paper we develop a study of the most relevant features of the Western signature lexical morphology. The identified features were statistical modeled by counting the data in several public signature databases collected in several European countries to take into account different Western signing styles. As result, a unified framework is obtained for establishing the statistical normality of a signature’s lexical morphology. This framework characterizes how the signers design their signatures and is of interest to different disciplines and applications such as forensic, graphology, indexing, etc.Materials and methodThe set of the most relevant features that configure the lexical morphology in a signature has been analyzed from five different publicly available databases of Western signatures. These are described in the next section. The techniques we use for their statistical characterization is developed in the methodology section.Materials: Signature DatasetThe datasets contain collected signatures from different users. They comprise two kind of signature: genuine/original and forged journal.pone.0174109 signatures. Genuine means the signature drawn only by the owner. Forged refers to a signature faked or imitated from a knowledge of the genuine samples but it does not necessarily imply high forger skill. Depending the way the signature is collected, it is called dynamic or static. A dynamic signature is captured using input devices such as special tablets with specially designed pens or PDAs. The tablet gathers the signature position coordinates and the pressure values of the pen every T seconds, usually T = 0.01 sec, with a spatial resolution of, for example, 2540 dpi. Some features extracted from these signatures can be used for expressing a person’s handwriting habit and individuality, such as pen pressure, velocity, acceleration and its direction, pen-lifts and the order of strokes. A static signature is normally drawn on paper using an inked pen and scanned after capture, often at a resolution of about 600 dpi. The ink deposition texture and the trajectory are classic features which can be extracted from the samples. In order to address different Western styles, we have used five public databases as follows. ?The GPDS960GRAYsignature database consists of 881 users with 24 genuine signatures acquired in a single session and 30 forged signatures. In total, the database provides 881 ?24 = 21144 and 881 ?30 = 26430 genuine and forgeries signatures respectively, all scanned at 600 dpi [33]. This Spanish dataset is one of the largest off-line signature databases presented in the literature.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123254 April 10,4 /Modeling the Lexical Morphology of Western Handwritten Signatures?The jir.2010.0097 MCYT On-line and Off-line Signature database is composed of 330 users, with 25 genuine signatures acquired in two sessions and 25 forgeries. It therefore comprises 330 ?25 = 8250 genuine signatures and 330 ?25 = 8250 forgeries. The static version of MCYT gathers 75 users with the same number of repetitions for genuine and forgeries as the on-line version. This means 75 ?25 = 1875 genuine signatures (acquired in two sessions) and 75 ?25 = 1875 forged representations, all scanned at 600 dpi. Note that the captured users in the off-line versi.
