E proportion of the phenotypic correlations (line length) among the Bricks composites attributable to genetic (A) shared environmental (C) and CI-1011 site non-shared environmental influences/error (E). R = Rotation, RV = Rotation/Visualisation combined, V = Visualisation.other cognitive measures are also substantially genetically driven, with shared genetic influences Doravirine side effects accounting for approximately all of the relationships with verbal ability, and a majority (64 on average) of the stronger relationships with non-verbal ability (Supplementary Table S19). As these results only decompose the phenotypic correlations, they do not directly estimate the portions of variance that are unique to each variable hat is, they do not reveal what proportions of the total influences on each composite are shared with others. This is the purpose of Cholesky decomposition (Methods). These results (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Tables S20 23) suggest, for each bivariate relationship among the Bricks composites, that 100 of the substantial genetic influences on each composite measure is shared with all the others. This can be seen in Fig. 3: in each model, all of the genetic variance of the second variable (on the right) is shared with the first, resulting in a loading of 0 for the residual genetic path for the second variable. This pattern is revealed even more starkly by the genetic correlations, which indicate the correlation between genetic influences on the two variables independent of their heritabilities (Methods). These are all at unity among the Bricks composites (Supplementary Tables S24 and S25). Even for the comparatively unreliable individual subtests, the genetic correlations are all either at unity or have CIs including unity (Supplementary Table S26). As there are no significant shared environmental influences on any of the Bricks measures, there are no meaningful correlations between these components. However, the correlations between non-shared environmental influences (Supplementary Tables S24, S25 and S27) indicate that there are modest “unique” environmental effects in common between the measures (i.e., effects unique to each individual, but affecting multiple traits), up to a maximum rE = 0.23 between Bricks composites. The genetic correlations between the Bricks composites and the other cognitive measures (Supplementary Table S28) indicate a substantial genetic overlap (average rA = 0.55) with verbal ability, higher still with non-verbal ability (average rA = 0.71), and the association with g (their mean) unsurprisingly in between (average rA = 0.65). As with the phenotypic results, it was considered that the genetic associations among the Bricks measures could reflect domain-general influences shared with other cognitive abilities, too, rather than influences specific to spatial abilities. Multivariate Cholesky decompositions (see Methods) were performed for Rotation and Visualisation, and for 2D and 3D, first accounting for the genetic influences on verbal ability, non-verbal ability, or both, and then examining the residual relationships between the Bricks composites. In these trivariate models, verbal ability accounts for less than one third of the heritability of the Bricks composites, non-verbal ability for around half (but the difference is non-significant), and g (their mean) in between. In two quadrivariate models (entering verbal and non-verbal ability separately, then Rotation and Visualisation or 2D and 3D), the verbal and non-verbal cognit.E proportion of the phenotypic correlations (line length) among the Bricks composites attributable to genetic (A) shared environmental (C) and non-shared environmental influences/error (E). R = Rotation, RV = Rotation/Visualisation combined, V = Visualisation.other cognitive measures are also substantially genetically driven, with shared genetic influences accounting for approximately all of the relationships with verbal ability, and a majority (64 on average) of the stronger relationships with non-verbal ability (Supplementary Table S19). As these results only decompose the phenotypic correlations, they do not directly estimate the portions of variance that are unique to each variable hat is, they do not reveal what proportions of the total influences on each composite are shared with others. This is the purpose of Cholesky decomposition (Methods). These results (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Tables S20 23) suggest, for each bivariate relationship among the Bricks composites, that 100 of the substantial genetic influences on each composite measure is shared with all the others. This can be seen in Fig. 3: in each model, all of the genetic variance of the second variable (on the right) is shared with the first, resulting in a loading of 0 for the residual genetic path for the second variable. This pattern is revealed even more starkly by the genetic correlations, which indicate the correlation between genetic influences on the two variables independent of their heritabilities (Methods). These are all at unity among the Bricks composites (Supplementary Tables S24 and S25). Even for the comparatively unreliable individual subtests, the genetic correlations are all either at unity or have CIs including unity (Supplementary Table S26). As there are no significant shared environmental influences on any of the Bricks measures, there are no meaningful correlations between these components. However, the correlations between non-shared environmental influences (Supplementary Tables S24, S25 and S27) indicate that there are modest “unique” environmental effects in common between the measures (i.e., effects unique to each individual, but affecting multiple traits), up to a maximum rE = 0.23 between Bricks composites. The genetic correlations between the Bricks composites and the other cognitive measures (Supplementary Table S28) indicate a substantial genetic overlap (average rA = 0.55) with verbal ability, higher still with non-verbal ability (average rA = 0.71), and the association with g (their mean) unsurprisingly in between (average rA = 0.65). As with the phenotypic results, it was considered that the genetic associations among the Bricks measures could reflect domain-general influences shared with other cognitive abilities, too, rather than influences specific to spatial abilities. Multivariate Cholesky decompositions (see Methods) were performed for Rotation and Visualisation, and for 2D and 3D, first accounting for the genetic influences on verbal ability, non-verbal ability, or both, and then examining the residual relationships between the Bricks composites. In these trivariate models, verbal ability accounts for less than one third of the heritability of the Bricks composites, non-verbal ability for around half (but the difference is non-significant), and g (their mean) in between. In two quadrivariate models (entering verbal and non-verbal ability separately, then Rotation and Visualisation or 2D and 3D), the verbal and non-verbal cognit.
