D they had not left their child under 5 alone or with another child under 10 in the past week averaged 79 but varied greatly. All countries (except Albania) differed from the average effect of country. Country explained between 11.7 (Cox Snell R2) and 18.2 (Nagelkerke R2) of the order Caspase-3 Inhibitor variance in not leaving the child alone. With the NIK333 web exception of Albania, mothers in the high-HDI countries were less likely to have left their children than the average effect of country (ORs = 1.07?.10); mothers in the medium-HDI countries varied in whether they were more or less likely to have left their children than the average effect (ORs = .31?.09); mothers in the low-HDI countries were all more likely than the average effect to have left their children alone (ORs = .12?76). Summary More than half of the mothers across all countries played with their under-5 children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer mothers read books and told stories to their children. Mothers engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive caregiving overall, t(123,984) = 213.24, p < .001, d = 1.32, and in every country, ts(584?6,135) = 2.67?106.82, ps < .05 - .001, ds = .04?.93. Countries with lower HDI scores had larger discrepancies between cognitive and socioemotional caregiving, r(23) = -.65, p < .001 (Figure 2). Caregiving Relations with the Human Development Index For each country, we computed the average of the caregiving scales and mothers' responses to each of the 7 items, creating the average number of cognitive and socioemotional caregiving activities and overall percentages of mothers who performed each activity in each country. This procedure reduced the number of "observations" to 23?7 countries instead of approximately 127,000 families across all countries. Because the participants were averaged across countries, the power for the following tests is low, and they should be interpreted accordingly. Country averages were then correlated with the country HDI and its 3 constituent indices (life expectancy, education, and GDP), controlling for average child age and number of children under 5 (Table 2). The HDI is multi-dimensional and, although life expectancy, education, and GDP are related to one another, it is possible that they relate in different ways to caregiving. Controlling the other 2 constituent indices (of the HDI)NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptChild Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 01.Bornstein and PutnickPageallowed us to remove the shared variance among indices and obtain more precise estimates of the effects of the HDI index in question.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCognitive caregiving--The HDI, schooling, and GDP were significantly correlated with the cognitive caregiving scale. The correlation between schooling and cognitive caregiving attenuated to nonsignificance when controlling life expectancy and GDP. The correlation between GDP and cognitive caregiving remained significant when controlling for life expectancy and education. The HDI, all 3 indices, and schooling were significantly correlated with reading books in the past 3 days; however, when controlling for the other two indices, only GDP remained significantly associated with reading books, and education, schooling, and life expectancy were unrelated to book reading when the other 2 indices of the HDI were controlled. The HDI, education, schooling, and GDP were significantly c.D they had not left their child under 5 alone or with another child under 10 in the past week averaged 79 but varied greatly. All countries (except Albania) differed from the average effect of country. Country explained between 11.7 (Cox Snell R2) and 18.2 (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in not leaving the child alone. With the exception of Albania, mothers in the high-HDI countries were less likely to have left their children than the average effect of country (ORs = 1.07?.10); mothers in the medium-HDI countries varied in whether they were more or less likely to have left their children than the average effect (ORs = .31?.09); mothers in the low-HDI countries were all more likely than the average effect to have left their children alone (ORs = .12?76). Summary More than half of the mothers across all countries played with their under-5 children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer mothers read books and told stories to their children. Mothers engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive caregiving overall, t(123,984) = 213.24, p < .001, d = 1.32, and in every country, ts(584?6,135) = 2.67?106.82, ps < .05 - .001, ds = .04?.93. Countries with lower HDI scores had larger discrepancies between cognitive and socioemotional caregiving, r(23) = -.65, p < .001 (Figure 2). Caregiving Relations with the Human Development Index For each country, we computed the average of the caregiving scales and mothers' responses to each of the 7 items, creating the average number of cognitive and socioemotional caregiving activities and overall percentages of mothers who performed each activity in each country. This procedure reduced the number of "observations" to 23?7 countries instead of approximately 127,000 families across all countries. Because the participants were averaged across countries, the power for the following tests is low, and they should be interpreted accordingly. Country averages were then correlated with the country HDI and its 3 constituent indices (life expectancy, education, and GDP), controlling for average child age and number of children under 5 (Table 2). The HDI is multi-dimensional and, although life expectancy, education, and GDP are related to one another, it is possible that they relate in different ways to caregiving. Controlling the other 2 constituent indices (of the HDI)NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptChild Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 January 01.Bornstein and PutnickPageallowed us to remove the shared variance among indices and obtain more precise estimates of the effects of the HDI index in question.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCognitive caregiving--The HDI, schooling, and GDP were significantly correlated with the cognitive caregiving scale. The correlation between schooling and cognitive caregiving attenuated to nonsignificance when controlling life expectancy and GDP. The correlation between GDP and cognitive caregiving remained significant when controlling for life expectancy and education. The HDI, all 3 indices, and schooling were significantly correlated with reading books in the past 3 days; however, when controlling for the other two indices, only GDP remained significantly associated with reading books, and education, schooling, and life expectancy were unrelated to book reading when the other 2 indices of the HDI were controlled. The HDI, education, schooling, and GDP were significantly c.
