Vorapaxar web Citarinostat side effects 7 <0.001 0.94 0.82 0.93 1.03 0.59 0.53 0.62 0.93 1.50 1.28 1.39 1.13 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.84 3.33 1.17 1.51 1.74 0.25 1.00 0.84 1.41 1.19 13.46 11.11 1.61 1.61 2.55 0.5 0.05 0.4 <0.001 0.004 1.04 1.11 0.90 0.85 1.20 1.46 0.6 0.which the same instrument, survey method and timeframe for victimisation experience were used; prevalence in this sample was still much higher. This suggests that there is a higher risk of lifetime exposure to multiple forms of victimisation among Vietnamese adolescents, compared to those in China.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189 May 1,16 /Poly-Victimisation among Vietnamese Adolescents and CorrelatesThere are several potential explanations for these results. First, despite increasing awareness among Vietnamese people of the need for child protection, application of harsh corporal punishment in child discipline is common and considered acceptable among a large proportion of the Vietnamese population. Children and adolescents may be frequently verbally or physically maltreated by parents, adult caregivers and teachers at school. Second, students may not be aware of the potential harmful effects bullying may have on their friends and/ or siblings (they thus consider bullying normal and even do it on purpose frequently).Third, the close communal lifestyle, especially in rural areas, may render witnessing of fights and arguments in the villages to be common among children and adolescents.Comparison with prior evidence about prevalence of child maltreatment from VietnamThe findings are similar to prior findings about the high prevalence of corporal punishment of children [58] and the high prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect of adolescents in Vietnam [18]. However, the prevalence of physical and sexual abuse observed in this sample was higher than those reported in Nguyen et al's study [18] while the prevalence of neglect was lower. Nguyen et al used study-specific questions rather than standardised measures to assess violence. In addition, response options for each of their questions about violence ranged from never (0), rarely (1), sometimes (2) to frequently (3). A mean score for all participants for each type of violence was calculated and prevalence was defined based on the proportion of students with a score higher than the mean score. Therefore, in addition to differences in participants' age, instruments used to assess violence, and inclusion of private schools and centres for continuing education in our study, the use of mean values as the cut-off points to define "abuse" in Nguyen et al's study is likely to explain the differences in findings.Prevalence of previously un-investigated forms of victimisationThese data also contribute to understanding the prevalence of property victimisation, physical dating violence and the newly-emerging form of victimisation--Internet harassment, among high school students in Vietnam. Nearly two thirds of the sample had ever had their property deliberately ruined, broken or stolen and more than 28 had ever been harassed on the Internet. There had been no published data from Vietnam about these forms of victimisation to allow comparison with these prevalence estimates. Compared to those reported among children and adolescents in the US [57], Vietnamese high school students had more than three times increased risk of being harassed online, despite the proportion of Internet users per population in Vietnam only half that in the US [59]. It is no.7 <0.001 0.94 0.82 0.93 1.03 0.59 0.53 0.62 0.93 1.50 1.28 1.39 1.13 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.84 3.33 1.17 1.51 1.74 0.25 1.00 0.84 1.41 1.19 13.46 11.11 1.61 1.61 2.55 0.5 0.05 0.4 <0.001 0.004 1.04 1.11 0.90 0.85 1.20 1.46 0.6 0.which the same instrument, survey method and timeframe for victimisation experience were used; prevalence in this sample was still much higher. This suggests that there is a higher risk of lifetime exposure to multiple forms of victimisation among Vietnamese adolescents, compared to those in China.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189 May 1,16 /Poly-Victimisation among Vietnamese Adolescents and CorrelatesThere are several potential explanations for these results. First, despite increasing awareness among Vietnamese people of the need for child protection, application of harsh corporal punishment in child discipline is common and considered acceptable among a large proportion of the Vietnamese population. Children and adolescents may be frequently verbally or physically maltreated by parents, adult caregivers and teachers at school. Second, students may not be aware of the potential harmful effects bullying may have on their friends and/ or siblings (they thus consider bullying normal and even do it on purpose frequently).Third, the close communal lifestyle, especially in rural areas, may render witnessing of fights and arguments in the villages to be common among children and adolescents.Comparison with prior evidence about prevalence of child maltreatment from VietnamThe findings are similar to prior findings about the high prevalence of corporal punishment of children [58] and the high prevalence of physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect of adolescents in Vietnam [18]. However, the prevalence of physical and sexual abuse observed in this sample was higher than those reported in Nguyen et al's study [18] while the prevalence of neglect was lower. Nguyen et al used study-specific questions rather than standardised measures to assess violence. In addition, response options for each of their questions about violence ranged from never (0), rarely (1), sometimes (2) to frequently (3). A mean score for all participants for each type of violence was calculated and prevalence was defined based on the proportion of students with a score higher than the mean score. Therefore, in addition to differences in participants' age, instruments used to assess violence, and inclusion of private schools and centres for continuing education in our study, the use of mean values as the cut-off points to define "abuse" in Nguyen et al's study is likely to explain the differences in findings.Prevalence of previously un-investigated forms of victimisationThese data also contribute to understanding the prevalence of property victimisation, physical dating violence and the newly-emerging form of victimisation--Internet harassment, among high school students in Vietnam. Nearly two thirds of the sample had ever had their property deliberately ruined, broken or stolen and more than 28 had ever been harassed on the Internet. There had been no published data from Vietnam about these forms of victimisation to allow comparison with these prevalence estimates. Compared to those reported among children and adolescents in the US [57], Vietnamese high school students had more than three times increased risk of being harassed online, despite the proportion of Internet users per population in Vietnam only half that in the US [59]. It is no.
