Ts than among secondary school students from China [29] and South Africa [31],which are upper-middle income countries. Compared to China–a country which shares many social and cultural similarities with Vietnam, the prevalence was double that FT011 structure reported by Chan [29]. Polyvictimisation among these Vietnamese adolescents was also more common than those living in South Africa [31]. The same conclusion can be made when the results are compared with those reported from high income countries. The prevalence of poly-victimisation in this sample (31 ) is much higher than that reported among Australian 23-24-year-old young adults (14 ) [3] and triple that reported by Turner et al (10 ) among a national sample of American children and adolescents [22, 45]. As reported in the results, there are also large discrepancies between the prevalence of separate aggregate modules of victimisation in this study in comparison with those reported in China [28] and the US [22, 27]. Although victimisation was assessed using the JVQ in all of these studies, different survey methods and time frames for victimisation experience may have partly contributed to the different prevalence estimates reported. In this study, information about lifetime experience may have resulted in a higher prevalence compared to those reported among Dong et al’s sample of Chinese students about previous year experience [28]. The use of anonymous self-completed surveys may have overcome the constraints of interviews, which were used in surveys among the US children and adolescents [45, 57], resulting in higher prevalence in this study. However, in comparison with surveys among Chinese students [29] inPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189 May 1,15 /Poly-Victimisation among Vietnamese Adolescents and CorrelatesTable 5. Multiple logistic regressions between demographic variables and poly-victimisation among a sample of 1,606 high school students in Vietnam. Variables Adjusted OR 95 Confidence Interval P-valueIndividual factors Age Gender (female vs male) Religion (ref: no religion) Others Christianity Buddhism purchase Q-VD-OPh Number of adverse life events experienced Presence of chronic diseases (yes vs no) Familial factors Socio-economic status (ref: highest 25 ) Lowest 25 26?0 51?5 Number of sibling Who currently lived with (ref: both parents) None of the parents Mother/Father a step-parent Single parent Mother’s education attainment (up to secondary school vs completion of high school (grade 12)) Father’s education attainment (up to secondary school vs completion of high school (grade 12)) Parental alcohol abuse (yes vs no) Parental drug use (yes vs no) Perceived family happiness (unhappy/ very unhappy vs happy/ very happy) Academic environment Perceived academic pressure (ref: none) A lot Moderate A little Satisfaction with academic results in previous semester (satisfied/ very satisfied vs dissatisfied/ very dissatisfied) Being punished at school (ref: never) Frequently Sometimes Rarely School type (ref: public school) Centre for continuing education Private Community factors Residential area (Rural vs urban) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189.t005 1.59 1.21 2.09 0.001 0.56 0.78 0.38 0.58 0.83 1.05 0.004 0.1 7.51 3.56 2.12 3.31 1.90 1.14 17.05 6.68 3.94 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 0.60 1.21 0.75 1.09 0.29 0.65 0.41 0.84 1.25 2.27 1.37 1.43 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.32 3.20 1.26 1.13 1.26 0.93 1.24 3.46 0.55 1.25 0.78 0.80 0.89 0.67 0.47 2.28 3.18 8.18 2.02 1.61 1.80 1.29 3.29 5.26 0.5 0.015 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.Ts than among secondary school students from China [29] and South Africa [31],which are upper-middle income countries. Compared to China--a country which shares many social and cultural similarities with Vietnam, the prevalence was double that reported by Chan [29]. Polyvictimisation among these Vietnamese adolescents was also more common than those living in South Africa [31]. The same conclusion can be made when the results are compared with those reported from high income countries. The prevalence of poly-victimisation in this sample (31 ) is much higher than that reported among Australian 23-24-year-old young adults (14 ) [3] and triple that reported by Turner et al (10 ) among a national sample of American children and adolescents [22, 45]. As reported in the results, there are also large discrepancies between the prevalence of separate aggregate modules of victimisation in this study in comparison with those reported in China [28] and the US [22, 27]. Although victimisation was assessed using the JVQ in all of these studies, different survey methods and time frames for victimisation experience may have partly contributed to the different prevalence estimates reported. In this study, information about lifetime experience may have resulted in a higher prevalence compared to those reported among Dong et al's sample of Chinese students about previous year experience [28]. The use of anonymous self-completed surveys may have overcome the constraints of interviews, which were used in surveys among the US children and adolescents [45, 57], resulting in higher prevalence in this study. However, in comparison with surveys among Chinese students [29] inPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189 May 1,15 /Poly-Victimisation among Vietnamese Adolescents and CorrelatesTable 5. Multiple logistic regressions between demographic variables and poly-victimisation among a sample of 1,606 high school students in Vietnam. Variables Adjusted OR 95 Confidence Interval P-valueIndividual factors Age Gender (female vs male) Religion (ref: no religion) Others Christianity Buddhism Number of adverse life events experienced Presence of chronic diseases (yes vs no) Familial factors Socio-economic status (ref: highest 25 ) Lowest 25 26?0 51?5 Number of sibling Who currently lived with (ref: both parents) None of the parents Mother/Father a step-parent Single parent Mother's education attainment (up to secondary school vs completion of high school (grade 12)) Father's education attainment (up to secondary school vs completion of high school (grade 12)) Parental alcohol abuse (yes vs no) Parental drug use (yes vs no) Perceived family happiness (unhappy/ very unhappy vs happy/ very happy) Academic environment Perceived academic pressure (ref: none) A lot Moderate A little Satisfaction with academic results in previous semester (satisfied/ very satisfied vs dissatisfied/ very dissatisfied) Being punished at school (ref: never) Frequently Sometimes Rarely School type (ref: public school) Centre for continuing education Private Community factors Residential area (Rural vs urban) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125189.t005 1.59 1.21 2.09 0.001 0.56 0.78 0.38 0.58 0.83 1.05 0.004 0.1 7.51 3.56 2.12 3.31 1.90 1.14 17.05 6.68 3.94 <0.001 <0.001 0.02 0.60 1.21 0.75 1.09 0.29 0.65 0.41 0.84 1.25 2.27 1.37 1.43 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.32 3.20 1.26 1.13 1.26 0.93 1.24 3.46 0.55 1.25 0.78 0.80 0.89 0.67 0.47 2.28 3.18 8.18 2.02 1.61 1.80 1.29 3.29 5.26 0.5 0.015 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.
