After the transfection, the cells were treated with MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Invitrogen) and fixed. Subcellular localizations of the recombinant proteins were detected by immunofluorescence assay using anti-Flag (X: green) antibody. Merged images with DAPI staining are shown. Scale bars are 10 mm. (TIF)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KT KF. Performed the experiments: KF MH TH SN YM. Analyzed the data: KF KT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IMBF. Wrote the paper: KT KF.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major public health problem with high risk of developing heart failure. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is often present in patients with significant CAD, even preceding regional or global LV systolic dysfunction, which therefore might serve as an early and sensitive marker of ischemia [1,2]. Furthermore, it is well known that the atrial contribution is of particular importance in the setting of LV dysfunction to maintain adequate LV stroke volume [3]. Evaluation of LA function may emerge as an important component in assessing the hemodynamic effects of many diseases. In recent years, accumulative evidence has shown that strain (e) and strain rate (SR) are powerful echocardiographic parameters to directly reflect global and regional systolic and diastolic myocardial deformation [4?], and to sensitively detect dysfunction from myocardial ischemia in CAD patients [9?2]. The measurement of atrial deformation by strain method is a promising and useful tool, but there are few data on the ischemia-related alterations of atrial myocardial deformation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the function of both atrial myocardium in CAD patient usingvector velocity imaging (VVI), and also to test our novel hypothesis that atrial impairment might be associated with the severity of coronary stenosis and the distribution pattern of obstructive coronary artery.Methods Study ParticipantsPatients with suspected CAD and undergone coronary angiography in Huashan Hospital between May 2009 and January 2010 were continuously enrolled. To Title Loaded From File minimize the influence of some serious or complex medical conditions, we excluded patients with acute myocardial infarction or history of coronary revascularization (including coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention), diabetes mellitus, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III V heart failure, abnormal cardiac rhythm (other than sinus rhythm). Also excluded were those with suboptimal angiographical or echocardiographic images. As a result, 85 participants were included in the final analysis. The study was approved by the medical ethics review committee of the Huashan Hospital and all subjects 22948146 gave written informed consent.Atrial Deformation and Coronary Artery DiseaseDemographic data and cardiovascular risk factors were collected, including age, gender, weight, height, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the history of hypertension, status of smoking. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kg divided by height in meters squared [13]. Blood samples were collected after 12-hour Title Loaded From File overnight fasting. All samples were analyzed for serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and blood glucose by enzymatic methods with an automatic 24272870 analyzer (Hitachi 7600?20 Automated Analyzer; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Results of a 75 g oral.After the transfection, the cells were treated with MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Invitrogen) and fixed. Subcellular localizations of the recombinant proteins were detected by immunofluorescence assay using anti-Flag (X: green) antibody. Merged images with DAPI staining are shown. Scale bars are 10 mm. (TIF)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KT KF. Performed the experiments: KF MH TH SN YM. Analyzed the data: KF KT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IMBF. Wrote the paper: KT KF.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major public health problem with high risk of developing heart failure. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is often present in patients with significant CAD, even preceding regional or global LV systolic dysfunction, which therefore might serve as an early and sensitive marker of ischemia [1,2]. Furthermore, it is well known that the atrial contribution is of particular importance in the setting of LV dysfunction to maintain adequate LV stroke volume [3]. Evaluation of LA function may emerge as an important component in assessing the hemodynamic effects of many diseases. In recent years, accumulative evidence has shown that strain (e) and strain rate (SR) are powerful echocardiographic parameters to directly reflect global and regional systolic and diastolic myocardial deformation [4?], and to sensitively detect dysfunction from myocardial ischemia in CAD patients [9?2]. The measurement of atrial deformation by strain method is a promising and useful tool, but there are few data on the ischemia-related alterations of atrial myocardial deformation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the function of both atrial myocardium in CAD patient usingvector velocity imaging (VVI), and also to test our novel hypothesis that atrial impairment might be associated with the severity of coronary stenosis and the distribution pattern of obstructive coronary artery.Methods Study ParticipantsPatients with suspected CAD and undergone coronary angiography in Huashan Hospital between May 2009 and January 2010 were continuously enrolled. To minimize the influence of some serious or complex medical conditions, we excluded patients with acute myocardial infarction or history of coronary revascularization (including coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention), diabetes mellitus, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III V heart failure, abnormal cardiac rhythm (other than sinus rhythm). Also excluded were those with suboptimal angiographical or echocardiographic images. As a result, 85 participants were included in the final analysis. The study was approved by the medical ethics review committee of the Huashan Hospital and all subjects 22948146 gave written informed consent.Atrial Deformation and Coronary Artery DiseaseDemographic data and cardiovascular risk factors were collected, including age, gender, weight, height, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the history of hypertension, status of smoking. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kg divided by height in meters squared [13]. Blood samples were collected after 12-hour overnight fasting. All samples were analyzed for serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and blood glucose by enzymatic methods with an automatic 24272870 analyzer (Hitachi 7600?20 Automated Analyzer; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Results of a 75 g oral.
