Erentially. In contrast, in a recent in vitro study [30] no differences were found between T/F and C/R HIV-1 in their transmission efficiency across cervical tissue or in the genetic diversity of these viruses before and after transmission. More studies are needed to understand the biological propertied of HIV-1 variants that transmit infection.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JCG LM RJS JCK CO. order 52232-67-4 Performed the experiments: MM AA JCG. Analyzed the data: JCG MM LM AA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CO JCK TGE. Wrote the paper: JCG LM TGE RJS JCK CO AA MM.
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and particularly prevalent in certain countries, including China [1,2]. Although the exact etiology of gastric cancer remains to be identified, accumulating epidemiological studies have shown that diet, smoking, ML 264 alcohol and especially Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, are well-known causes of gastric cancer [3,4]. However, a high prevalence of these risk factors do not always result in a high incidence of gastric cancer, which suggests that other susceptible factors such as genetic variations and environmental differences may additionally contribute to gastric carcinogenesis. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested that genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes were associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer [5,6,7].It has been suggested that chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa induced by the H. pylori infection is a critical step in the development of gastric cancer [8,9]. In that case, genetic variations in inflammation-related cytokine genes may be potential susceptibility factors for this disease. One of the important cytokines associated with H. pylori infection is the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which is encoded by the TNFA gene [10]. TNF-a is a pleiotropic cytokine mainly produced by activated monocytes and macrophages and plays an important role in the inflammatory response [11]. It has been suggested that over expression of TNF-a showed a significant severity-dose-response as risk markers from pre-neoplastic lesions to gastric cancer [12]. The TNFA gene is located within the human leukocyte antigen class III region on chromosome 6 (6p21) 24272870 and is highly polymorphic. Polymorphisms in the TNFA gene have been shownTNFA -308G.A Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Riskto greatly influence its expression level [13]. Therefore, many studies attempted to investigate whether polymorphisms in the promoter of TNFA could be used as putative 1407003 determinant factor of susceptibility for various diseases, including gastric cancer. Among the many polymorphisms in TNFA promoter, the TNFA-308 G.A polymorphism were wildly studied and there is functional study suggesting that the -308A allele is associated with increased TNF-a production [14]. As for gastric cancer, a number of studies were conducted to investigate the associations between the TNFA-308 G.A polymorphism and gastric cancer in various populations, however, the results form these studies remain inclusive [15,16,17,18,19]. To date, two published meta-analyses on this issue have suggested that the -308 G.A polymorphism was associated with gastric cancer in Western populations, but not in Asian populations [20,21]. Herein, in the present study, we conducted a relative large two-stage case-control study that included a total of 1686 gastric cancer patients and 1895 cancer-free s.Erentially. In contrast, in a recent in vitro study [30] no differences were found between T/F and C/R HIV-1 in their transmission efficiency across cervical tissue or in the genetic diversity of these viruses before and after transmission. More studies are needed to understand the biological propertied of HIV-1 variants that transmit infection.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JCG LM RJS JCK CO. Performed the experiments: MM AA JCG. Analyzed the data: JCG MM LM AA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CO JCK TGE. Wrote the paper: JCG LM TGE RJS JCK CO AA MM.
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and particularly prevalent in certain countries, including China [1,2]. Although the exact etiology of gastric cancer remains to be identified, accumulating epidemiological studies have shown that diet, smoking, alcohol and especially Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, are well-known causes of gastric cancer [3,4]. However, a high prevalence of these risk factors do not always result in a high incidence of gastric cancer, which suggests that other susceptible factors such as genetic variations and environmental differences may additionally contribute to gastric carcinogenesis. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested that genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes were associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer [5,6,7].It has been suggested that chronic inflammation in gastric mucosa induced by the H. pylori infection is a critical step in the development of gastric cancer [8,9]. In that case, genetic variations in inflammation-related cytokine genes may be potential susceptibility factors for this disease. One of the important cytokines associated with H. pylori infection is the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which is encoded by the TNFA gene [10]. TNF-a is a pleiotropic cytokine mainly produced by activated monocytes and macrophages and plays an important role in the inflammatory response [11]. It has been suggested that over expression of TNF-a showed a significant severity-dose-response as risk markers from pre-neoplastic lesions to gastric cancer [12]. The TNFA gene is located within the human leukocyte antigen class III region on chromosome 6 (6p21) 24272870 and is highly polymorphic. Polymorphisms in the TNFA gene have been shownTNFA -308G.A Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Riskto greatly influence its expression level [13]. Therefore, many studies attempted to investigate whether polymorphisms in the promoter of TNFA could be used as putative 1407003 determinant factor of susceptibility for various diseases, including gastric cancer. Among the many polymorphisms in TNFA promoter, the TNFA-308 G.A polymorphism were wildly studied and there is functional study suggesting that the -308A allele is associated with increased TNF-a production [14]. As for gastric cancer, a number of studies were conducted to investigate the associations between the TNFA-308 G.A polymorphism and gastric cancer in various populations, however, the results form these studies remain inclusive [15,16,17,18,19]. To date, two published meta-analyses on this issue have suggested that the -308 G.A polymorphism was associated with gastric cancer in Western populations, but not in Asian populations [20,21]. Herein, in the present study, we conducted a relative large two-stage case-control study that included a total of 1686 gastric cancer patients and 1895 cancer-free s.
