Particularly determinant in contributing towards increasing coverage, sample taking, adherence and follow-up of women, mainly those presenting some type of immunosuppression. According to the results obtained here, self-sampling methods, such as urine sampling, could be taken into account as useful tools for preventing this pathology, since they offer good diagnostic performance and greater acceptability among women.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to express our thanks to Camilo Jaimes for technical support and 1676428 Jason Garry for translating and revising this manuscript. We would also like to extend our thanks to the IDIME laboratory for contributing to sampling logistics. In loving memory of Luis Segundo Fontanilla De La Hoz.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MM MC SCSDL RS MEP MAP. Performed the experiments: MM MC SCSDL. Analyzed the data: MM MC SCSDL RS DP ACP OS APP MEP MAP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DP ACP OS APP. 15481974 Wrote the paper: MM MC SCSDL RS APP MEP MAP.
Coronary artery disease (CAD), the major type of cardiovascular disease, is becoming the number one cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in China. Dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and fatty acid metabolic abnormalities are risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis [1]. In recent years, fatty acid “lipotoxicity” has gradually become a new research point. Studies have shown that saturated fatty acids can promote the risk of CAD, while unsaturated fatty acids reduced this risk [1,2]. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are also processed to powerful promoters of inflammation. Recent reports have highlighted the influence of fatty acid composition on metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness, such as linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) and dihomo-c-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6) [1,3]. On the contrary, some findings suggested that sufficient amounts of LA can reduce cardiovascular risk [3,4]. Dietary eicosapentae-noic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) can prevent sudden cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure [5]. The concentration of CASIN biological activity plasma fatty acids is influenced by dietary intake and metabolic pathways [4]. Fatty acid desaturases (FADS) are key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism. In humans, there are three main desaturases: stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), also known as delta-9-desaturase (D9D), catalyzes the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids; delta-5-desaturase 
(D5D) catalyzes the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) and delta6-desaturase (D6D) is required in the synthesis of HUFAs. D9D, encoded by the SCD gene, has recently been found as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease [6]. D5D and D6D are encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) genes, respectively. Recently, several studies have shown a strong association between plasma PUFAs and FADS gene polymorphisms [7,8]. 
Plasma arachidonic acidFADS Gene, Desaturase Activity and CAD(AA, C20:4n-6) and EPA concentrations have been confirmed to be associated with rs174537 near FADS1 gene by a GWAS [9]. Merino DM et al. recently reported that polymorphisms of rs174547 in FADS1 gene and rs498793 in FADS2 gene alter desaturase activity in young Caucasian and Asian adults [10]. The minor allele of rs174537, rs174545, BIBS39 rs174546, rs174553, rs174556, rs174561, rs174568, rs99780, rs174570, rs174575, rs2524299, rs174583, rs498793, rs174611, rs174627 and.Particularly determinant in contributing towards increasing coverage, sample taking, adherence and follow-up of women, mainly those presenting some type of immunosuppression. According to the results obtained here, self-sampling methods, such as urine sampling, could be taken into account as useful tools for preventing this pathology, since they offer good diagnostic performance and greater acceptability among women.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to express our thanks to Camilo Jaimes for technical support and 1676428 Jason Garry for translating and revising this manuscript. We would also like to extend our thanks to the IDIME laboratory for contributing to sampling logistics. In loving memory of Luis Segundo Fontanilla De La Hoz.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MM MC SCSDL RS MEP MAP. Performed the experiments: MM MC SCSDL. Analyzed the data: MM MC SCSDL RS DP ACP OS APP MEP MAP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DP ACP OS APP. 15481974 Wrote the paper: MM MC SCSDL RS APP MEP MAP.
Coronary artery disease (CAD), the major type of cardiovascular disease, is becoming the number one cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in China. Dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and fatty acid metabolic abnormalities are risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis [1]. In recent years, fatty acid “lipotoxicity” has gradually become a new research point. Studies have shown that saturated fatty acids can promote the risk of CAD, while unsaturated fatty acids reduced this risk [1,2]. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are also processed to powerful promoters of inflammation. Recent reports have highlighted the influence of fatty acid composition on metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness, such as linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) and dihomo-c-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6) [1,3]. On the contrary, some findings suggested that sufficient amounts of LA can reduce cardiovascular risk [3,4]. Dietary eicosapentae-noic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) can prevent sudden cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, and heart failure [5]. The concentration of plasma fatty acids is influenced by dietary intake and metabolic pathways [4]. Fatty acid desaturases (FADS) are key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism. In humans, there are three main desaturases: stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), also known as delta-9-desaturase (D9D), catalyzes the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids; delta-5-desaturase (D5D) catalyzes the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) and delta6-desaturase (D6D) is required in the synthesis of HUFAs. D9D, encoded by the SCD gene, has recently been found as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease [6]. D5D and D6D are encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) genes, respectively. Recently, several studies have shown a strong association between plasma PUFAs and FADS gene polymorphisms [7,8]. Plasma arachidonic acidFADS Gene, Desaturase Activity and CAD(AA, C20:4n-6) and EPA concentrations have been confirmed to be associated with rs174537 near FADS1 gene by a GWAS [9]. Merino DM et al. recently reported that polymorphisms of rs174547 in FADS1 gene and rs498793 in FADS2 gene alter desaturase activity in young Caucasian and Asian adults [10]. The minor allele of rs174537, rs174545, rs174546, rs174553, rs174556, rs174561, rs174568, rs99780, rs174570, rs174575, rs2524299, rs174583, rs498793, rs174611, rs174627 and.
