Included in the bands we used for 2 of 1516647 our subjects (subjects 2 and 5) and the 12?4Hz used by Bastien et al [36] would not include the spindles of one subject (subject 2). Time resolution is also an important factor. Bastien et al [36] used a 4 s segment FFT that would probably not detect our 79831-76-8 custom synthesis short-term ERD and Halasz [13] used 1-s FFT, compared to our 0.25 s bins for statistical analysis and of course finer initial spectrograms. Clustering of spontaneous K complexes based on the incidence of spindles in close time proximity to KCs, may also be a factor to understanding their interactions. Our KC groups (see also Kokkinos and Kostopoulos [35]) are similar to the classification of Ehrhart et al [25] who separate KCs to those without contiguously occurring spindles and KCs with sleep spindles occurring just prior, during and just after the KC, in order to assert their relation to transient arousals. In conclusion, single spontaneous KCs that do not lead to microarousals interact with spindles only on a short time scale of about a second 
[35] but we could not detect long-term spindle power reduction, extending to 10?5 s, as pronounced as in the case of evoked KCs [13]. Evoked KCs that are accompanied by spindles (KS group of Halasz [13]) also do not display the longterm sustained inhibition of spindles. Our results after clustering of spontaneous KCs according to their amplitude or their short term relationship to spindles, also suggest that any long term effects of evoked KCs to spindles is probably not related to KCs per se but to the stimulus and/or the other components of the longer phasic event it usually 15481974 elicits. The importance of the distinction made in this study lies with the role of spontaneous KCs in sleep maintenance, as well as with the demonstrated involvement of spindles in several cognitive functions and their increasing association to several neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, the time-frequency maps do not show any change before the KC (time frame 25 to 0 s) that could support any factor on the frequency range studied (0?0Hz) able to predict the appearance of a K-complex, as is reported for higher (.20Hz) frequencies and evoked KCs [51].Spindle Power Is Not Affected after Spontaneous KCSupporting InformationFigure S1 Hypnograms for all 7 subjects. Each row represents one subject and sleep stages are color-coded. Microarousals are not shown. (TIF)(TIF)Figure S5 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 6. (TIF) Figure S6 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 7. (TIF)Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 3. (TIF)Figure S2 Figure S3 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 4. (TIF) Figure S4 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 5.Author ContributionsContributed to the manuscript: VK GKK. Conceived and designed the experiments: AMK VK GKK. Performed the experiments: VK AMK. Analyzed the data: AMK VK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GKK AMK. Wrote the paper: AMK.
The ER is a singular and 58543-16-1 price essential organelle with a complex three-dimensional structure. It consists of both flattened sheet-like cisternal membranes and highly curved.Included in the bands we used for 2 of 1516647 our subjects (subjects 2 and 5) and the 12?4Hz used by Bastien et al [36] would not include the spindles of one subject (subject 2). Time resolution is also an important factor. Bastien et al [36] used a 4 s segment FFT that would probably not detect our short-term ERD and Halasz [13] used 1-s FFT, compared to our 0.25 s bins for statistical analysis and of course finer initial spectrograms. Clustering of spontaneous K complexes based on the incidence of spindles in close time proximity to KCs, may also be a factor to understanding their interactions. Our KC groups (see also Kokkinos and Kostopoulos [35]) are similar to the classification of Ehrhart et al [25] who separate KCs to those without contiguously occurring spindles and KCs with sleep spindles occurring just prior, during and just after the KC, in order to assert their relation to transient arousals. In conclusion, single spontaneous KCs that do not lead to microarousals interact with spindles only on a short time scale of about a second [35] but we could not detect long-term spindle power reduction, extending to 10?5 s, as pronounced as in the case of evoked KCs [13]. Evoked KCs that are accompanied by spindles (KS group of Halasz [13]) also do not display the longterm sustained inhibition of spindles. Our results after clustering of spontaneous KCs according to their amplitude or their short term relationship to spindles, also suggest that any long term effects of evoked KCs to spindles is probably not related to KCs per se but to the stimulus and/or the other components of the longer phasic event it usually 15481974 elicits. The importance of the distinction made in this study lies with the role of spontaneous KCs in sleep maintenance, as well as with the demonstrated involvement of spindles in several cognitive functions and their increasing association to several neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, the time-frequency maps do not show any change before the KC (time frame 25 to 0 s) that could support any factor on the frequency range studied (0?0Hz) able to predict the appearance of a K-complex, as is reported for higher (.20Hz) frequencies and evoked KCs [51].Spindle Power Is Not Affected after Spontaneous KCSupporting InformationFigure S1 Hypnograms for all 7 subjects. Each row represents one subject and sleep stages are color-coded. Microarousals are not shown. (TIF)(TIF)Figure S5 Average spectrogram (left), event-related 
spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 6. (TIF) Figure S6 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 7. (TIF)Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 3. (TIF)Figure S2 Figure S3 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 4. (TIF) Figure S4 Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for subject 5.Author ContributionsContributed to the manuscript: VK GKK. Conceived and designed the experiments: AMK VK GKK. Performed the experiments: VK AMK. Analyzed the data: AMK VK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GKK AMK. Wrote the paper: AMK.
The ER is a singular and essential organelle with a complex three-dimensional structure. It consists of both flattened sheet-like cisternal membranes and highly curved.
