XRxQx(S/x) (R-2 motif), xRx(Y/x)Q(S/A/x)x (R-3 motif), or xxQx(S/x) (R-none motif) [15?7]. The presequence binds to the active site of theMPP in an extended conformation. In addition some presequences can be further processed by the mitochondrial intermediate protease (MIP). MIP acts after cleavage by MPP has occurred and usually recognizes the so-called R-10 motif: RxQ(F/L/I)xx(T/S/ G)xxxxQ [18,19]. MPP and MIP are structurally and functionally conserved across species, and their human buy Apocynin homologues have been identified as potential players in mitochondrial diseases such as maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (DAD), neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), Leigh’s syndrome and spastic paraplegia [20]. Relatively little experimental data is available for the mitochondrial import system in D. discoideum [21]. The experimentally verified presequences in this organism consist of an a-helix with the typical amphipathic arrangement of its opposite faces, followed by a potential MPP cleavage site. Some proteins in D. discoideum can be imported into mitochondria co-translationally [22], in contrast to the more common post-translational process. However, this is not related to their presequences but due to specific properties of their mRNAs. Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are large MedChemExpress 76932-56-4 selfassembling GTPases that regulate membrane dynamics and thus participate in numerous cellular processes [23]. They have been shown to play an essential role in mitochondrial division and fusion [24,25]. Yeast Dnm1 and mammalian Drp1 associate with mitochondrial fission sites upon oligomerization [24,26]. It is thought that multimeric ring-like structures with dimensions similar to those of dynamin-1 multimers promote membrane scission by generating force and changing membrane curvatureDictyostelium Mitochondrial Targeting SequenceFigure 1. The dynamin B NTS is sufficient for mitochondrial targeting. (A) N-terminal 136 amino acid sequence of dynamin B. Positively charged amino acid residues are shown in blue, negatively charged residues in red, and serine and threonine residues in green. The black box marks the predicted R-like recognition sequence. Predicted MPP and MIP cleave sites are indicated by black and gray arrows, respectively. Arginine 105 is marked by a blue arrow. (B) The dynamin B presequence contains a functional mitochondrial targeting signal. The upper panel shows AX2 cells transformed with pDXA/DymB-EYFP (control). The lower panel shows AX2 cells transformed with pDXA/NTS-EYFP. Cells were fixed and immunostained as described in material and method. Single plane confocal images are shown. Scale bars, 5 mm. (C) The dynamin B presequence is processed upon mitochondrial translocation. Intact mitochondria from AX2 cells overproducing NTS-EYFP were purified, separated on 15 SDS-PAGE, blotted and probed with affinity purified mouse anti-GFP antibody. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056975.gDictyostelium Mitochondrial Targeting SequenceFigure 2. Schematic diagram of dynamin B NTS constructs. Ten different dynamin B NTS constructs are shown. Black bar represents R-like recognition sequence which comprises residues 103 to 112 of NTS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056975.gusing the energy from GTP hydrolysis [27?9]. Proper mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential for normal mitochondrial function. The mammalian mitochondrial fission machinery consists 
of the outer membrane protein Fis1 and the dynaminrelated GTPase Drp1. Three large GTP.XRxQx(S/x) (R-2 motif), xRx(Y/x)Q(S/A/x)x (R-3 motif), or xxQx(S/x) (R-none motif) [15?7]. The presequence binds to the active site of theMPP in an extended conformation. In addition some presequences can be further processed by the mitochondrial intermediate protease (MIP). MIP acts after cleavage by MPP has occurred and usually recognizes the so-called R-10 motif: RxQ(F/L/I)xx(T/S/ G)xxxxQ [18,19]. MPP and MIP are structurally and functionally conserved across species, and their human homologues have been identified as potential players in mitochondrial diseases such as maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (DAD), neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), Leigh’s syndrome and spastic paraplegia [20]. Relatively little experimental data is available for the mitochondrial import system in D. discoideum [21]. The experimentally verified presequences in this organism consist of an a-helix with the typical amphipathic arrangement of its opposite faces, followed by a potential MPP cleavage site. Some proteins in D. discoideum can be imported into mitochondria co-translationally [22], in contrast to the more common post-translational process. However, this is not related to their presequences but due to specific properties of their mRNAs. Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are large selfassembling GTPases that regulate membrane dynamics and thus participate in numerous cellular processes [23]. They have been shown to play an essential role in mitochondrial division and fusion [24,25]. Yeast Dnm1 and mammalian Drp1 associate with mitochondrial fission sites upon oligomerization [24,26]. It is thought that multimeric ring-like structures with dimensions similar to those of dynamin-1 multimers promote membrane scission by generating 
force and changing membrane curvatureDictyostelium Mitochondrial Targeting SequenceFigure 1. The dynamin B NTS is sufficient for mitochondrial targeting. (A) N-terminal 136 amino acid sequence of dynamin B. Positively charged amino acid residues are shown in blue, negatively charged residues in red, and serine and threonine residues in green. The black box marks the predicted R-like recognition sequence. Predicted MPP and MIP cleave sites are indicated by black and gray arrows, respectively. Arginine 105 is marked by a blue arrow. (B) The dynamin B presequence contains a functional mitochondrial targeting signal. The upper panel shows AX2 cells transformed with pDXA/DymB-EYFP (control). The lower panel shows AX2 cells transformed with pDXA/NTS-EYFP. Cells were fixed and immunostained as described in material and method. Single plane confocal images are shown. Scale bars, 5 mm. (C) The dynamin B presequence is processed upon mitochondrial translocation. Intact mitochondria from AX2 cells overproducing NTS-EYFP were purified, separated on 15 SDS-PAGE, blotted and probed with affinity purified mouse anti-GFP antibody. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056975.gDictyostelium Mitochondrial Targeting SequenceFigure 2. Schematic diagram of dynamin B NTS constructs. Ten different dynamin B NTS constructs are shown. Black bar represents R-like recognition sequence which comprises residues 103 to 112 of NTS. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056975.gusing the energy from GTP hydrolysis [27?9]. Proper mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential for normal mitochondrial function. The mammalian mitochondrial fission machinery consists of the outer membrane protein Fis1 and the dynaminrelated GTPase Drp1. Three large GTP.
