Ects of the KC itself consist of a major 1516647 increase of power on the lower delta band which extends to higher frequencies with prominent increase near 5?0 Hz in all classes. The interruption of spindles during the KC and the faster Tetracosactrin manufacturer spindle after the KC negative peak described by Kokkinos and Kostopoulos [35] are obvious in the TFA plots of KC11 group, comprised of KCs with spindles appearing both right before and after the negative peak. Individual sporadic spindles analysis revealed a pattern of increase in spindle power followed by a decrease before the spindle and a symmetrical decrease followed by an increase after the spindle in all subjects (in subject 4 without Avasimibe site reaching statistical significance), therefore suggesting a refractory period lasting 1.5?s. The pattern of a short-term decrease in spindle power after an initial increase is seen in KC01 group as well, nearly 2 to 3 seconds after the KC in all subjects, though it reaches statistical significance in 4 out of 7 subjects (Subjects 1, 2, 3, 6). In these subjects a closer look reveals repeated decreases every 3? s lasting for a period of about 15 s, a result that reaches significance in subject 6. In subject 1, where a significant decrease of spindle power is shown just prior to the KC (of course this group is selected to not have spindles prior to the KC), the same 3 s interval appears. In KC10 group the expected increase of spindle power prior to the KC is obvious, and though the number of events in this group is smaller, in subjects 1, 2, 3, 4 and 
7 there is a suggestion of decrease of spindle power nearly 3 s before the KC. A pattern of rhythmic decreases also appears but without reaching significance. In KC11 group, the short-term decrease on spindle power 2? s after the KC is statistically significant in one subject (subject 1) only, and the pattern of rhythmic decreases is seen in subjects 1, 3, 6, 7. In group KC00, there is no long term change on spindle power after the KC. During the time around a KC (+2 1 s), 2 subjects (2 and 5) show on average an increased power in the sigma band, though spindles could not be detected visually on the raw EEG. In 3 subjects (2, 4, 5) an increase in higher frequencies (. 15Hz) is also observed during the KC. No significant long-term decrease of spindle power was detected in any of the subjects, so in order to facilitate visualization, the average band power for each subject’s individual frequency band was calculated and changes of the grand average power relative to baseline are presented for every group (Fig. 5). The 
short-term effect is seen on spontaneous KCs associated with spindles (KC01, KC10, KC11) and on free fast spindles as well, but not on KCs not accompanied by spindles (KC00).Spindle Power Is Not Affected after Spontaneous KCFigure 3. Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for a time period 15 s before and 25 s after the negative peak of KCs sorted by group (KC00, KC01, KC10, KC11 in rows 1? respectively) and the negative middle peak for sporadic spindles (in 5th row) of subject 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054343.gIn group KC01 where the number of events is larger and the trace of power change is smoother, there is a very small decrease of 21 dB in spindle power relative to baseline lasting more than 15 s. The trace reaches zero (no change from baseline) nearly 20 s after the KC peak. As shown for subject 1, a cluster of events including the larger KCs exhib.Ects of the KC itself consist of a major 1516647 increase of power on the lower delta band which extends to higher frequencies with prominent increase near 5?0 Hz in all classes. The interruption of spindles during the KC and the faster spindle after the KC negative peak described by Kokkinos and Kostopoulos [35] are obvious in the TFA plots of KC11 group, comprised of KCs with spindles appearing both right before and after the negative peak. Individual sporadic spindles analysis revealed a pattern of increase in spindle power followed by a decrease before the spindle and a symmetrical decrease followed by an increase after the spindle in all subjects (in subject 4 without reaching statistical significance), therefore suggesting a refractory period lasting 1.5?s. The pattern of a short-term decrease in spindle power after an initial increase is seen in KC01 group as well, nearly 2 to 3 seconds after the KC in all subjects, though it reaches statistical significance in 4 out of 7 subjects (Subjects 1, 2, 3, 6). In these subjects a closer look reveals repeated decreases every 3? s lasting for a period of about 15 s, a result that reaches significance in subject 6. In subject 1, where a significant decrease of spindle power is shown just prior to the KC (of course this group is selected to not have spindles prior to the KC), the same 3 s interval appears. In KC10 group the expected increase of spindle power prior to the KC is obvious, and though the number of events in this group is smaller, in subjects 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 there is a suggestion of decrease of spindle power nearly 3 s before the KC. A pattern of rhythmic decreases also appears but without reaching significance. In KC11 group, the short-term decrease on spindle power 2? s after the KC is statistically significant in one subject (subject 1) only, and the pattern of rhythmic decreases is seen in subjects 1, 3, 6, 7. In group KC00, there is no long term change on spindle power after the KC. During the time around a KC (+2 1 s), 2 subjects (2 and 5) show on average an increased power in the sigma band, though spindles could not be detected visually on the raw EEG. In 3 subjects (2, 4, 5) an increase in higher frequencies (. 15Hz) is also observed during the KC. No significant long-term decrease of spindle power was detected in any of the subjects, so in order to facilitate visualization, the average band power for each subject’s individual frequency band was calculated and changes of the grand average power relative to baseline are presented for every group (Fig. 5). The short-term effect is seen on spontaneous KCs associated with spindles (KC01, KC10, KC11) and on free fast spindles as well, but not on KCs not accompanied by spindles (KC00).Spindle Power Is Not Affected after Spontaneous KCFigure 3. Average spectrogram (left), event-related spectral perturbation (middle) and significant changes (right) for a time period 15 s before and 25 s after the negative peak of KCs sorted by group (KC00, KC01, KC10, KC11 in rows 1? respectively) and the negative middle peak for sporadic spindles (in 5th row) of subject 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054343.gIn group KC01 where the number of events is larger and the trace of power change is smoother, there is a very small decrease of 21 dB in spindle power relative to baseline lasting more than 15 s. The trace reaches zero (no change from baseline) nearly 20 s after the KC peak. As shown for subject 1, a cluster of events including the larger KCs exhib.