Ured by spectrophotometer at 450 nm with reference to 655 nm wavelength.(Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 30 min to block potential nonspecific binding sites. Then, the slides were incubated with a goat anti-mouse SPLUNC1 antibody (R D systems, Minneapolis, MN) overnight at 4uC, followed by incubation with biotinylated horse anti-mouse IgG for one hour at room temperature. Thereafter, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) was added to the slides for 45 min at room temperature. After rinsing the slides in TBS, 0.03 aminoethylcarbazole (AEC) in 0.03 hydrogen peroxide was used as a substrate to develop a peroxide-dependent red color reaction. Nuclear counterstaining was performed by using Mayer’s hemotoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The area of SPLUNC1 protein in epithelium of all medium-sized airways (defined as the basement membrane perimeter of 600?00 mm, and maximal diameter/minimal diameter #2, [26]) (n = 4 to 6 airways/mouse) lungs was quantified in a blinded fashion by using the National Institutes of Health Scion Image Epigenetics program (Bethesda, MD). The results were expressed as percentage of airway SPLUNC1 protein area/total airway epithelial area.ELISA of Mouse KC and IL-KC and IL-6 protein levels in mouse BALF were determined by using mouse KC and IL-6 DuoSet ELISA Development kits (R D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) as per manufacturer’s instruction.Statistical AnalysisNormally distributed data were presented as means 6 SEM and analyzed using the student’s t-test for two group comparison or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple group comparisons. Non-normally distributed data were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A value of P,0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Dr. Yvonne M.W. Janssen-Heininger at University of Vermont (Burlington, VT) for kindly providing us with the conditional NF-kB transgenic mice. We would also like to thank Paratek Pharmaceuticals (Boston, MA) for providing us with the tetracycline analog 9-TB.SPLUNC1 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)Because there is no mouse SPLUNC1 ELISA available, we measured airway epithelial SPLUNC1 protein by IHC. Formalinfixed and paraffin-embedded mouse lung sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, followed by antigen retrieval with microwave boiling in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 12 min. Sections were treated with 0.3 hydrogen peroxide in 0.05 M Tris buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.6) for 30 min to inhibit endogenous peroxidase, followed by incubation with 10 normal rabbit serumAuthor 
ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: DJ FG HWC. Performed the experiments: DJ FG SS QW MM SC JT HWC. Analyzed the data: DJ FG SS QW MM SC JT HWC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ MLN FG SS QW MM SC JT HWC. Wrote the paper: DJ.
Most HIV-1 infections occur by sexual transmission and the presence or Autophagy absence of genital inflammation is of fundamental importance in HIV transmission [1] since epidemiologic studies suggest that HIV-1 acquisition is increased in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) [2?]. In women, the genital microbiota influences the expression of proinflammatory cytokines [9,10]. A consistent finding is that levels of IL-1b are increased in women with bacterial vaginosis compared to women with a genital microbiota that is dominated by Lactobacillus. Some studies also sho.Ured by spectrophotometer at 450 nm with reference to 655 nm wavelength.(Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 30 min to block potential nonspecific binding sites. Then, the slides were incubated with a goat anti-mouse SPLUNC1 antibody (R D systems, Minneapolis, MN) overnight at 4uC, followed by incubation with biotinylated horse anti-mouse IgG for one hour at room temperature. Thereafter, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) was added to the slides for 45 min at room temperature. After rinsing the slides in TBS, 0.03 aminoethylcarbazole (AEC) in 0.03 hydrogen peroxide was used as a substrate to develop a peroxide-dependent red color reaction. Nuclear counterstaining was performed by using Mayer’s hemotoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The area of SPLUNC1 protein in epithelium of all medium-sized airways (defined as the basement membrane perimeter of 600?00 mm, and maximal diameter/minimal diameter #2, [26]) (n = 4 to 6 airways/mouse) lungs was quantified in a blinded fashion by using the National Institutes of Health Scion Image program (Bethesda, MD). The results were expressed as percentage of airway SPLUNC1 protein area/total airway epithelial area.ELISA of Mouse KC and IL-KC and IL-6 protein levels in mouse BALF were determined by using mouse KC and IL-6 DuoSet ELISA Development kits (R D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) as per manufacturer’s instruction.Statistical AnalysisNormally distributed data were presented as means 6 SEM and analyzed using the student’s t-test for two group comparison or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple group comparisons. Non-normally distributed data were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A value of P,0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Dr. Yvonne M.W. Janssen-Heininger at University of Vermont (Burlington, VT) for kindly providing us with the conditional NF-kB transgenic mice. We would also like to thank Paratek Pharmaceuticals (Boston, MA) for providing us with the tetracycline analog 9-TB.SPLUNC1 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)Because there is no mouse SPLUNC1 ELISA available, we measured airway epithelial SPLUNC1 protein by IHC. Formalinfixed and paraffin-embedded mouse lung sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, followed by antigen retrieval with microwave boiling in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 12 min. Sections were treated with 0.3 hydrogen peroxide in 0.05 M Tris buffered saline (TBS, pH 7.6) for 30 min to inhibit endogenous peroxidase, followed by incubation with 10 normal rabbit serumAuthor ContributionsConceived 
and designed the experiments: DJ FG HWC. Performed the experiments: DJ FG SS QW MM SC JT HWC. Analyzed the data: DJ FG SS QW MM SC JT HWC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ MLN FG SS QW MM SC JT HWC. Wrote the paper: DJ.
Most HIV-1 infections occur by sexual transmission and the presence or absence of genital inflammation is of fundamental importance in HIV transmission [1] since epidemiologic studies suggest that HIV-1 acquisition is increased in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) [2?]. In women, the genital microbiota influences the expression of proinflammatory cytokines [9,10]. A consistent finding is that levels of IL-1b are increased in women with bacterial vaginosis compared to women with a genital microbiota that is dominated by Lactobacillus. Some studies also sho.
