Does not activate Sost promoter activity. HEK293 cells were transfected with a 1 kb Sost promoter-luciferase reporter gene without or with increasing amounts of a Jab1-expression plasmid 10781694 as indicated. Luciferase activity was normalized by b-galactosidase activity. Vasopressin biological activity Values are presented as the mean 6S.D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065940.gincubated for 24 h before harvest. The reporter assays were analyzed with BD Monolight system (BD Biosciences). Luciferase activity was normalized by b-galactosidase activity. Every transfection experiment was done at least three times. Values were presented as the mean 6S.D.Gel Shift AssayGel shift assay and nuclear extracts as the HIF-1 protein resource were prepared as previously described with some modifications [25,31]. The DNA sequences of the oligonucleotides used for Gel shift assay were as follows: Sost 59 CAC CCC ACC CCC GTG AGG AGG AGG GTG AGG AAA C. DNA oligonucleotide was labeled using a Biotin 39 end DNA Labeling Kit (Cat#: 89818, Pierce Biotechnology Inc.). Nuclear extractswere isolated from MC3T3 cells under either normoxia or hypoxia conditions for 16 h. Four mg of nuclear extracts and biotin-labeled DNA probe were incubated in 1x binding buffer for 20 min at room temperature using LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA kit (Cat#: 20148). Protein NA complexes were separated on 4 16985061 polyacrylamide gels in 0.5x TBE buffer, and transferred onto Biodyne B Nylon Membrane (Cat#: 77016). The membrane was blocked in 1x blocking buffer, washed five times with 1x wash buffer, and visualized by a Chemiluminescent Nucleic Acid detection Module (Cat#: 89880). Two hundred-fold molar excess of unlabeled Sost promoter oligos was used as specific competitor DNA.HIF-1a Activates Sost Gene ExpressionFigure 5. Identification of the minimal region in the promoter of Sost gene for HIF-1a activation. (A) Schematic representation of the Sost deletion mutants. HRE: hypoxia response element. Sost-1 kb, Sost-540 bp, Sost-260 bp and Sost-106 bp Sost promoter reporter plasmids were constructed, using luciferase (LUC) as a reporter. (B) Deletion analysis of the Sost promoter-reporter constructs. Sost-1 kb, Sost-540 bp, Sost-260 bp and Sost-106 bp promoter-reporter plasmids (300 ng each) were cotransfected with 200 ng of the HIF-1a expression plasmid in HEK293 cells. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cell extracts were prepared and analyzed for luciferase activity. Luciferase activity was normalized by bgalactosidase activity. Values are presented as the mean 6S.D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065940.gStatistical AnalysisAll experiments were repeated a minimum of 3 times. Data was reported as the mean 6 standard deviation (S.D.). Comparisons were made between groups by Student’s t test with p,0.05 being considered as statistically significant.Results Hypoxia Leads to Upregulation of Sost Gene ExpressionOur recent studies have demonstrated that hypoxia/HIF-1a inhibits Wnt pathway in osteoblasts, a possible mechanism for hypoxia to inhibit HDAC-IN-3 web osteoblast proliferation [23]. However, the mechanisms of hypoxia/HIF-1a inhibition on Wnt signaling are not well understood. To explore the possible mechanisms, we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to examine the changes of gene expressions under hypoxia. MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were cultured and maintained in normoxic (20 O2) or hypoxia (1 O2) condition under a humidified hypoxia incubator. Total RNA was purified 48 hr following culture in the presence or absence of hypoxia. As shown in Fi.Does not activate Sost promoter activity. HEK293 cells were transfected with a 1 kb Sost promoter-luciferase reporter gene without or with increasing amounts of a Jab1-expression plasmid 10781694 as indicated. Luciferase activity was normalized by b-galactosidase activity. Values are presented as the mean 6S.D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065940.gincubated for 24 h before harvest. The reporter assays were analyzed with BD Monolight system (BD Biosciences). Luciferase activity was normalized by b-galactosidase activity. Every transfection experiment was done at least three times. Values were presented as the mean 6S.D.Gel Shift AssayGel shift assay and nuclear extracts as the HIF-1 protein resource were prepared as previously described with some modifications [25,31]. The DNA sequences of the oligonucleotides used for Gel shift assay were as follows: Sost 59 CAC CCC ACC CCC GTG AGG AGG AGG GTG AGG AAA C. DNA oligonucleotide was labeled using a Biotin 39 end DNA Labeling Kit (Cat#: 89818, Pierce Biotechnology Inc.). Nuclear extractswere isolated from MC3T3 cells under either normoxia or hypoxia conditions for 16 h. Four mg of nuclear extracts and biotin-labeled DNA probe were incubated in 1x binding buffer for 20 min at room temperature using LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA kit (Cat#: 20148). Protein NA complexes were separated on 4 16985061 polyacrylamide gels in 0.5x TBE buffer, and transferred onto Biodyne B Nylon Membrane (Cat#: 77016). The membrane was blocked in 1x blocking buffer, washed five times with 1x wash buffer, and visualized by a Chemiluminescent Nucleic Acid detection Module (Cat#: 89880). Two hundred-fold molar excess of unlabeled Sost promoter oligos was used as specific competitor DNA.HIF-1a Activates Sost Gene ExpressionFigure 5. Identification of the minimal region in the promoter of Sost gene for HIF-1a activation. (A) Schematic representation of the Sost deletion mutants. HRE: hypoxia response element. Sost-1 kb, Sost-540 bp, Sost-260 bp and Sost-106 bp Sost promoter reporter plasmids were constructed, using luciferase (LUC) as a reporter. (B) Deletion analysis of the Sost promoter-reporter constructs. Sost-1 kb, Sost-540 bp, Sost-260 bp and Sost-106 bp promoter-reporter plasmids (300 ng each) were cotransfected with 200 ng of the HIF-1a expression plasmid in HEK293 cells. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cell extracts were prepared and analyzed for luciferase activity. Luciferase activity was normalized by bgalactosidase activity. Values are presented as the mean 6S.D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065940.gStatistical AnalysisAll experiments were repeated a minimum of 3 times. Data was reported as the mean 6 standard deviation (S.D.). Comparisons were made between groups by Student’s t test with p,0.05 being considered as statistically significant.Results Hypoxia Leads to Upregulation of Sost Gene ExpressionOur recent studies have demonstrated that hypoxia/HIF-1a inhibits Wnt pathway in osteoblasts, a possible mechanism for hypoxia to inhibit osteoblast proliferation [23]. However, the mechanisms of hypoxia/HIF-1a inhibition on Wnt signaling are not well understood. To explore the possible mechanisms, we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to examine the changes of gene expressions under hypoxia. MC3T3 osteoblastic cells were cultured and maintained in normoxic (20 O2) or hypoxia (1 O2) condition under a humidified hypoxia incubator. Total RNA was purified 48 hr following culture in the presence or absence of hypoxia. As shown in Fi.
