Ies [35].VOSPVisuospatial abilities were evaluated using the eight-test VOSP battery; four of these tests assess object perception, and four assess space perception. At the beginning, a preliminary test of visual sensory efficiency (Shape Detection) is performed to determine whether the patient has sufficient visual and sensorial capacity to complete the other subtests. All tests are untimed. In the preliminary Shape Detection test, the patient has to identify whether or not there is a degraded “X” on 20 patterned sheets of paper. One point is given for each correct answer. Subjects with a score of 15 or lower are not able to perform the VOSP battery.Subtests bject perceptionMethods Population SampleControl subjects agreed to participate in the study by signing an informed Epigenetics consent form. In case of the patients with AD, that could have a compromised capacity to consent, we asked a familiar to fulfill and sign the consent form. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (No. Of the process: 1924/08) and Santa Marcelina Hospital. We evaluated 75 participants, including 31 mild AD patients who fulfilled the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria [22]. The exclusion criteria were moderate or severe dementia, uncontrolled systemic diseases, and uncorrected visual or hearing impairments. Patients receiving a stable dose of cholinesterase inhibitors and/or antidepressants for at least two months were included. PatientsN NIncomplete Letters: Twenty incomplete letters are shown to the patient, and he is asked to name or identify them. A point is awarded for 23148522 each correct answer (maximum 20). Silhouettes: In this activity, silhouettes (shadows) of animals and objects are shown to the patient, and he is asked to identify them. There are 15 silhouettes of animals and 15 silhouettes of inanimate objects. The boards are arranged in ascending order of difficulty, and the test should be abandoned after five errors. In this study, to determine the cutoff scores, we applied all of the boards, even if the examinee made more than five errors (maximum 30).Visuospatial Function in Early Alzheimer’s DiseaseTable 1. Sample description.Diagnosis Controls (n = 44) Mean (SD) (Range) Age 68.52 (7.06) (61?6) Education Level 9.59 (4.77) (3?0) Sex NMild AD Patients (n = 31) Mean (SD) (Range) 74.23 (6.93) (63?6) 8.16 (4.16) (3?9) Female 21 Male 13 FemaleMann-Whitney Test p-value,0.0.Malep = 0.378**x test. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068398.tObject Decision: Twenty boards with four stimuli are presented. Only one of these stimuli represents something real; the other forms are not defined (distractor stimuli). The patient is asked to identify and name the stimulus that represents the real shape. One point is given for each correct answer (maximum 20).NProgressive Silhouettes: This test consists of two series in which boards depicting an object are presented; 10 boards depict a gun, and 10 boards show a trumpet. The first board shows the silhouette of the object, and each Epigenetics successive board shows a more complete picture of the object. The patient is asked to identify these two objects with the smallest possible number of boards. The number of stimuli needed to identify these objects is recorded (maximum 20).Subtests pace perceptioncompare the non-continuous variables. The multivariate ANOVA was used to analyze the influence of one variable on the others. We applied the Spearman correlation to investigate the relationship between the subtests of.Ies [35].VOSPVisuospatial abilities were evaluated using the eight-test VOSP battery; four of these tests assess object perception, and four assess space perception. At the beginning, a preliminary test of visual sensory efficiency (Shape Detection) is performed to determine whether the patient has sufficient visual and sensorial capacity to complete the other subtests. All tests are untimed. In the preliminary Shape Detection test, the patient has to identify whether or not there is a degraded “X” on 20 patterned sheets of paper. One point is given for each correct answer. Subjects with a score of 15 or lower are not able to perform the VOSP battery.Subtests bject perceptionMethods Population SampleControl subjects agreed to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form. In case of the patients with AD, that could have a compromised capacity to consent, we asked a familiar to fulfill and sign the consent form. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (No. Of the process: 1924/08) and Santa Marcelina Hospital. We evaluated 75 participants, including 31 mild AD patients who fulfilled the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria [22]. The exclusion criteria were moderate or severe dementia, uncontrolled systemic diseases, and uncorrected visual or hearing impairments. Patients receiving a stable dose of cholinesterase inhibitors and/or antidepressants for at least two months were included. PatientsN NIncomplete Letters: Twenty incomplete letters are shown to the patient, and he is asked to name or identify them. A point is awarded for 23148522 each correct answer (maximum 20). Silhouettes: In this activity, silhouettes (shadows) of animals and objects are shown to the patient, and he is asked to identify them. There are 15 silhouettes of animals and 15 silhouettes of inanimate objects. The boards are arranged in ascending order of difficulty, and the test should be abandoned after five errors. In this study, to determine the cutoff scores, we applied all of the boards, even if the examinee made more than five errors (maximum 30).Visuospatial Function in Early Alzheimer’s DiseaseTable 1. Sample description.Diagnosis Controls (n = 44) Mean (SD) (Range) Age 68.52 (7.06) (61?6) Education Level 9.59 (4.77) (3?0) Sex NMild AD Patients (n = 31) Mean (SD) (Range) 74.23 (6.93) (63?6) 8.16 (4.16) (3?9) Female 21 Male 13 FemaleMann-Whitney Test p-value,0.0.Malep = 0.378**x test. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068398.tObject Decision: Twenty boards with four stimuli are presented. Only one of these stimuli represents something real; the other forms are not defined (distractor stimuli). The patient is asked to identify and name the stimulus that represents the real shape. One point is given for each correct answer (maximum 20).NProgressive Silhouettes: This test consists of two series in which boards depicting an object are presented; 10 boards depict a gun, and 10 boards show a trumpet. The first board shows the silhouette of the object, and each successive board shows a more complete picture of the object. The patient is asked to identify these two objects with the smallest possible number of boards. The number of stimuli needed to identify these objects is recorded (maximum 20).Subtests pace perceptioncompare the non-continuous variables. The multivariate ANOVA was used to analyze the influence of one variable on the others. We applied the Spearman correlation to investigate the relationship between the subtests of.
